Category Archives: ETF

Leveraged ETF–SSO vs SPY

Leveraged ETF offer an easy way for retail investor to apply leverage to their portfolio without the use of Options or Margin. While the benefit of the upside to leverage is understood, it’s more important to us to understand the downside and potential risk. In this post, we explore 2 recent market declines of 2020 & 2022 to help you see if utilizing leveraged ETF is right for you.

Keeping things simple, we opt to look at 2x leverage for S&P 500 and will not explore 3x leverage funds. We choose to compare SSO & SPY from the peak of the market in 2020 and 2022. There are 3 questions we attempt to answer.

  1. Does leveraged ETF fall faster than non-levered ETF?
  2. Does leveraged ETF fall as much as expected ? For example, if SPY falls 10%, SSO should fall 20%.
  3. Does leveraged ETF take longer to recover to recent high?

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Twitter Tape: Rubicon Crossed?

Jim Bianco of Bianco Research says the following:

“Money management just crossed the Rubicon.”

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We’ve heard the language before.  The belief being that an arbitrarily set parameter has triggered something.  What has been triggered?  We don’t really know since it hasn’t been defined.  The lack of a specific claim is intentional since it leaves it open to any interpretation.  When we look at the prior claims along the same lines, we can see why there is little in the way of what this rise in “passive money” really means.

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From the above November 1997 article:

“While Wall Street paints 401(k) members as indifferent to short-term swings, the evidence of a few days in October suggests the opposite. They appear far more attuned to the ebbs and flows of the market than the experts realized.”

Likewise, the further you go back the more we see the same worry about new money entering the market.

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This from Richard Russell’s Dow Theory Letters dated April 12, 1995:

“With stocks clearly overvalued, the funds move into the very liquid big-cap Dow type stocks (the “safe” stocks) and the Dow plows higher.”

What is implied by crossing “the Rubicon” is that a big crash is coming because dumb money is coming into the market regardless of values.

Welcome to the nature of markets for thousands of years.  A Rubicon hasn’t been crossed, instead, we should expect more of the same from markets which is merely a reflection of human behavior.

Gold Price: Affected by Gold ETF Outflows?

Subscriber F.H. brings our attention to a comment made by a gold fund manager.  The manager suggested that the reason for gold’s weakness is primarily due to the liquidation occurring in gold ETFs.  This implies that if there weren’t gold ETFs, then the price of gold would not decline as much as it already has (possibly not at all).  However, our work on this topic is to check the data and show how easily this can be proven an incorrect analysis.

The chart below quickly demonstrates that gold outflows from ETFs is a symptom and not the cause in the decline of gold.

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What did we do to arrive at the outcome above?  First, we already knew that the price of gold declined -50% from the 1974 peak to the 1976 trough.  This simple fact, within what is widely accepted as the last secular bull market for gold (1971-1980), acted as our starting point.  In our myopic view, when comparing data, you must compare like to like, bull market to bull market and bear market to bear market.  Therefore, selecting a set of data from the secular bear market in gold from 1980 to 1999 would result in flawed analysis.

Second, we took the period when gold went from $100 to its respective peak in 1974 and trough in 1976 then compared that period (in trading days; 833 days) to the current period going backwards 833 trading days.

Finally, we noted the fact that each period was with and without gold ETFs.

  • Please note that when we analyze any data, we only seek the “big picture” view, something akin to the horseshoes and hand grenades analogy.

What is our interpretation based on this rudimentary and potentially flawed approach?

First, gold ETF outflows are not the reason why gold is declining.  Instead, gold ETF outflows are a mirror of the price of gold, albeit a somewhat distorted mirror.

Second, the decline in the price of gold has been normal within what we believe to be a secular bull market in gold.  So far, gold has declined “only” –35% from the 2011 peak.  This is contrasted with the aforementioned decline of –50% from the 1974 peak to the 1976 trough.  What would change our view that we are no longer in a secular bull market in gold?  Our highly biased view is that a bear market begins when gold and silver declines below our 1996 purchase price of the respective metals.  However, the real world analysis says that a secular bear market is confirmed when gold attempts to go above the $1,895 price but fails.  Lacking a qualified retest of the prior high, we will infer that we’re still within a secular bull market for precious metals.

Third, our view is that when a gold fund manager speaks they have only one message, gold related investments are always good and never bad.  This opinion is the same for technology, biotechnology, small cap, large cap and international fund managers.  There will never be a day when a fund manager says, “My fund is [I’m] not needed for the next several months or years.”

Our final interpretation is that when a gold fund manager uses the explanation that the outflow of funds from gold ETFs is the predominate reason for the price decline in gold, it demonstrates a significant lapse of analysis.

A Summary of the Risks of ETFs

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Can an ETF Collapse?
NLO Commentary:
It is only a matter of time before this situation ends badly.  We've been chronicling this matter for over a year.  We also believe that the "flash crash" of May 6, 2010 has its origins in ETFs.  Below are the article links to our contribution to this topic

  • Flash Crash Follies 7/24/10
  • Cloud of ETFs Looms Large 5/12/10
  • ETF Unwind Begins 9/12/09
  • ETF: Indiscriminant Risk 7/4/09
  • ETF: Mediocrity with No Pretense of Value 7/3/09 (Federal Register details of ETFs)
  • The Cloud of ETFs Looms Large

    The mystery of the reason why ETFs were such a large proportion of the stock market free-fall on Thursday May 6, 2010 should come as no surprise to readers of this site. In 2009, we published a series of articles on ETF investments that didn’t paint a favorable picture.

    The first article, titled “ETF: Mediocrity with No Pretense of Value,” referenced a very important section of the Federal Register which described the way in which ETFs are supposed to work. We offered up our own explanation of how we interpreted the description of the Federal Register text. Our closing remark to that article was the following:
    “The blowback from something like this is on par with the unwinding of a derivative contract gone bad.”
    The next article that we followed up with was titled “ETF: Indiscriminant Risk.” Our closing comment in that article was:
    “As I hinted at before, ETFs pose a tremendous risk to the stock market and the portfolios of the respective ETF will be remembered for the fact that due to a liquidity drain all the stocks held will collapse regardless of value. With little cash on hand and an "automated" form of management there will be a crash on the most liquid stocks because the relatively illiquid stocks won't be able register a bid.”
    In a SeekingAlpha.com article titled “U.S. Natural Gas Fund: The Beginning of the ETF Unwinding?”, we asked, “Are we on the cusp of seeing this situation with EFTs unravel?” In the same article we said, with considerable forethought:
    “In their zeal to create hedging and leveraging opportunities to the retail investors, leveraged ETF distributors didn't emphasis enough the fact that the risk of loss was far beyond known market risk. Unfortunately, like the FIRREA rule change we could see painful unintended consequences.”
    It is our assertion that all of the matters that we’ve raised are salient issues that need to be addressed. It is our view that instruments like ETFs should be left to the professionals exclusively or unwound altogether. The continued belief that retail investors need to invest in an ETF fund that issues “creation units” as described in the Federal Register is a definite recipe for disaster, if not now then at some point down the road.
    The source citations from our “ETF: Mediocrity with No Pretense of Value” article and SeekingAlpha’s “U.S. Natural Gas Fund: The Beginning of the ETF Unwinding?” are well worth reviewing. Only after  reviewing all the sources mentioned will it be possible to come to the conclusions that we have regarding ETFs.
    Investment Notes:

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    U.S. Nat. Gas (UNG): The ETF Unwind Begins

    In my blog posting on July 3, 2009 titled "ETF: Mediocrity with No Pretense of Value," I said:

    "The structure of a scheme like this [ETFs] only works when the market continues higher or new money floods in."

    Are we on the cusp of seeing this situation with EFTs unravel? Currently, the U.S. Natural Gas Fund (UNG) is being forced into the position of issuing new shares to offset the expiration of old creation units. Without the issuance of new units, UNG has become priced well above net asset value as new money has flooded in with a diminishing number of units.

    Some have said that the real problem is the fact that UNG has been too successful at raising money. I believe that the flood of money into the fund shouldn't be considered a success, instead it should be considered bordering on a ponzi or pyramid scheme. Again, no value exists unless more money comes into the fund. If the spigot of new money was turned off, in a matter of months the fund would end up worthless, unless the price of natural gas goes up.

    One guy, Jim Cramer, said back in June that he believed that the flood of money into the ETF would actually allow UNG to push up or prop the price of natural gas. However, when you view the history of natural gas prices over the last year (courtesy James L. Williams WTRG Economics at WTRG.com) you can easily see that, in this case, UNG and the futures price of natural gas are in complete agreement.

    Most market professionals would claim that a changing of the rules is the real reason why there is turmoil in the commodity ETF market which is reminescent of the FIRREA rule change on Savings and Loan institutions before the S&L crisis. The reality is that the rule changes are an outgrowth of lawsuits from overzealous attorneys on behalf of misinformed investors. In their zeal to create hedging and leveraging opportunities to the retail investors, leveraged ETF distributors didn't emphasis enough the fact that the risk of loss was far beyond known market risk. Unfortunately, like the FIRREA rule change we could see painful unintended consequences.

    Oh, by the way, did I mention that there is no real intrinct value to ETF funds. Whether they are Index ETFs or leveraged ETFs it is really all about the luck of the draw. If a lot of money is coming in at the time that you own the fund then the net asset value (NAV) will move in-line with the market. However, when net redemptions exceed new money coming in, the value of the ETF declines. The only hope is that market for that fund is in a rising trend.

    The news on UNG's plight isn't all that encouraging even though the issuance of more shares is meant to mitigate the disparity in the NAV. My hope is that things don't get to out of hand as we enter the most volatile months in the year. -Touc

    The following are the latest articles on what may become the great ETF unwind.


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